{"data":{"records":[{"id":"clinically-proven-health-efficacy-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Health Products Compliance Guidance (2022); FTC Policy Statement Regarding Advertising Substantiation, 104 FTC 839 (1984)","status":"in-force","summary":"clinically proven / health efficacy: 'Competent and reliable scientific evidence,' defined by FTC as 'tests, analyses, research, or studies that (1) have been conducted and evaluated in an objective manner by experts... and (2) are generally accepted in the profession to yield accurate and reliable results,' and 'sufficient in quality and quantity.' Guidance states RCTs are generally required for health-benefit claims.","source_url":"https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/ftc-policy-statement-regarding-advertising-substantiation","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"clinically proven / health efficacy","example_phrasing":"Clinically proven to boost immunity","instrument":"FTC Health Products Compliance Guidance (2022); FTC Policy Statement Regarding Advertising Substantiation, 104 FTC 839 (1984)","in_force_date":"2022-12-20","standard_required":"'Competent and reliable scientific evidence,' defined by FTC as 'tests, analyses, research, or studies that (1) have been conducted and evaluated in an objective manner by experts... and (2) are generally accepted in the profession to yield accurate and reliable results,' and 'sufficient in quality and quantity.' Guidance states RCTs are generally required for health-benefit claims.","common_failure":"Relying on anecdotes, testimonials, patents, or in-vitro/animal studies instead of human RCTs.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"FTC v. POM Wonderful LLC, 2013 order; D.C. Cir. 2015","source_type":"regulator policy statement","notes":"Applies to all health-related products, not just supplements."}},{"id":"disease-treatment-cure-claim-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC final order, POM Wonderful; POM Wonderful LLC v. FTC, 777 F.3d 478 (D.C. Cir. 2015)","status":"in-force","summary":"disease treatment/cure claim: FTC order required disease claims be supported by 'two randomized, well-controlled, human clinical trials.' The D.C. Circuit upheld a requirement of at least ONE RCT but vacated the categorical two-RCT rule under the First Amendment (Central Hudson).","source_url":"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/POM-Wonderful-Appeal-777_F.3d_478.pdf","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"disease treatment/cure claim","example_phrasing":"Reduces the risk of prostate cancer","instrument":"FTC final order, POM Wonderful; POM Wonderful LLC v. FTC, 777 F.3d 478 (D.C. Cir. 2015)","in_force_date":"2013-01-10","standard_required":"FTC order required disease claims be supported by 'two randomized, well-controlled, human clinical trials.' The D.C. Circuit upheld a requirement of at least ONE RCT but vacated the categorical two-RCT rule under the First Amendment (Central Hudson).","common_failure":"Implied disease claims from observational data; single small study.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"FTC, POM Wonderful LLC, 2013 order upheld in part 2015 (injunctive; no monetary penalty)","source_type":"court opinion","notes":"Two-RCT vs one-RCT distinction is the key correction to a common myth."}},{"id":"health-medical-claim-uk","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"UK","instrument":"CAP Code r.12.1 (health/medical products); r.3.7 (substantiation)","status":"in-force","summary":"health/medical claim: Objective claims need documentary evidence held before publication (r.3.7); medical/scientific claims 'where relevant consisting of trials conducted on human subjects' (r.12.1).","source_url":"https://www.asa.org.uk/advice-online/substantiation.html","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"health/medical claim","example_phrasing":"Clinically proven to relieve back pain","instrument":"CAP Code r.12.1 (health/medical products); r.3.7 (substantiation)","in_force_date":"2010-09-01","standard_required":"Objective claims need documentary evidence held before publication (r.3.7); medical/scientific claims 'where relevant consisting of trials conducted on human subjects' (r.12.1).","common_failure":"Efficacy claims with no human-subject trials; lab studies only.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"ASA, FancyDrops Co (eye-colour-change drops), 9 Aug 2023 — upheld","source_type":"regulator guidance/ruling","notes":"ASA has no fining power; sanctions are ad removal/bans and referral."}},{"id":"health-therapeutic-claim-australia","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"Australia","instrument":"Australian Consumer Law (Competition and Consumer Act 2010 Sch 2), ss.18, 29, 33","status":"in-force","summary":"health/therapeutic claim: Representations must not be misleading; differentiated claims must be true and reflect actual product differences.","source_url":"https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/full-federal-court-orders-6-million-penalty-for-nurofen-specific-pain-products","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"health/therapeutic claim","example_phrasing":"Formulated to specifically treat migraine pain","instrument":"Australian Consumer Law (Competition and Consumer Act 2010 Sch 2), ss.18, 29, 33","in_force_date":"2011-01-01","standard_required":"Representations must not be misleading; differentiated claims must be true and reflect actual product differences.","common_failure":"Marketing identical formulations as targeting different conditions at premium prices.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"ACCC v Reckitt Benckiser — Nurofen Specific Pain; Full Federal Court 2016 raised penalty to A$6m","penalty":6000000,"currency":"AUD","source_type":"regulator press release/court decision","notes":"Highest ACL misleading-conduct penalty at the time; High Court refused special leave 2017."}},{"id":"performance-efficacy-claim-canada","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"Canada","instrument":"Competition Act s.74.01(1)(b)","status":"in-force","summary":"performance/efficacy claim: Performance, efficacy or length-of-life claims must be 'based on an adequate and proper test' conducted BEFORE the claim; the advertiser bears the burden.","source_url":"https://competition-bureau.canada.ca/en/how-we-foster-competition/education-and-outreach/publications/environmental-claims-and-competition-act","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"performance/efficacy claim","example_phrasing":"Lasts 3x longer than ordinary batteries","instrument":"Competition Act s.74.01(1)(b)","in_force_date":"1999-03-18","standard_required":"Performance, efficacy or length-of-life claims must be 'based on an adequate and proper test' conducted BEFORE the claim; the advertiser bears the burden.","common_failure":"Performance claim with post-publication testing, or no test.","enforced":true,"source_type":"statute/regulator guidance","notes":"'Adequate and proper test' is flexible and context-dependent."}},{"id":"1-best-selling-superlative-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Act s.5; FTC Policy Statement Regarding Advertising Substantiation (1984)","status":"in-force","summary":"#1 / best-selling / superlative: Objective superiority claims require a reasonable basis (survey/sales data) before dissemination; express claims require at least the level of proof claimed.","source_url":"https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/ftc-policy-statement-regarding-advertising-substantiation","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"#1 / best-selling / superlative","example_phrasing":"America's #1 recommended brand","instrument":"FTC Act s.5; FTC Policy Statement Regarding Advertising Substantiation (1984)","in_force_date":"1984-01-01","standard_required":"Objective superiority claims require a reasonable basis (survey/sales data) before dissemination; express claims require at least the level of proof claimed.","common_failure":"'#1' with no defined market, timeframe, or data source; puffery misused as fact.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator policy statement","notes":"Genuine subjective puffery is not actionable."}},{"id":"1-best-selling-superlative-uk","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"UK","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.7; r.3.33-3.35 (comparisons); r.3.2 (puffery)","status":"in-force","summary":"#1 / best-selling / superlative: Documentary evidence held before publication for objective claims; '#1' requires evidence appropriate to the basis and any comparison must be verifiable.","source_url":"https://www.asa.org.uk/advice-online/types-of-claims-no-1.html","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"#1 / best-selling / superlative","example_phrasing":"The UK's number 1 broadband","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.7; r.3.33-3.35 (comparisons); r.3.2 (puffery)","in_force_date":"2010-09-01","standard_required":"Documentary evidence held before publication for objective claims; '#1' requires evidence appropriate to the basis and any comparison must be verifiable.","common_failure":"Undefined basis for '#1'; treating an objective claim as puffery.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator guidance","notes":"ASA assesses likely consumer interpretation, not the advertiser's intent (e.g. 'the perfect network' held objective)."}},{"id":"comparative-superiority-uk","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"UK","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.7, r.3.33-3.35","status":"in-force","summary":"comparative superiority: Comparisons with identifiable competitors must be verifiable, based on objective representative features, with the basis made clear and rigorous evidence held.","source_url":"https://www.asa.org.uk/advice-online/travel-marketing-environmental-claims.html","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"comparative superiority","example_phrasing":"Europe's lowest emissions airline","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.7, r.3.33-3.35","in_force_date":"2010-09-01","standard_required":"Comparisons with identifiable competitors must be verifiable, based on objective representative features, with the basis made clear and rigorous evidence held.","common_failure":"Failing to state the basis (e.g. CO2 per passenger-km) or lacking sufficient evidence.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"ASA, Ryanair 'lowest emissions airline' — upheld","source_type":"regulator ruling/guidance"}},{"id":"free-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Guide Concerning Use of the Word 'Free', 16 CFR Part 251 (251.1)","status":"in-force","summary":"free: The 'free' item must genuinely be free; seller must not recover cost by raising the required purchase price or cutting quality/quantity. Conditions disclosed 'clearly and conspicuously at the outset.' 'Regular' price = price at which substantial sales occurred in the most recent 30-day period; a 'free' offer for one size should not run >6 months in any 12 in a trade area.","source_url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-251/section-251.1","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"free","example_phrasing":"Buy one, get one FREE","instrument":"FTC Guide Concerning Use of the Word 'Free', 16 CFR Part 251 (251.1)","in_force_date":"1971-01-01","standard_required":"The 'free' item must genuinely be free; seller must not recover cost by raising the required purchase price or cutting quality/quantity. Conditions disclosed 'clearly and conspicuously at the outset.' 'Regular' price = price at which substantial sales occurred in the most recent 30-day period; a 'free' offer for one size should not run >6 months in any 12 in a trade area.","common_failure":"Inflating base price to fund the 'free' item; burying conditions in a footnote; perpetual 'free' offers.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator guide","notes":"Footnote-only disclosure is expressly NOT 'at the outset.'"}},{"id":"free-uk","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"UK","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.1; DMCCA 2024 banned practice (describing product as 'free' if consumer pays beyond unavoidable response/collection cost)","status":"in-force","summary":"free: A product may only be described as free/gratis if the consumer pays no more than the unavoidable cost of responding and collecting/paying for delivery.","source_url":"https://www.asa.org.uk/advice-online/misleading-advertising.html","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"free","example_phrasing":"FREE gift with every order","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.1; DMCCA 2024 banned practice (describing product as 'free' if consumer pays beyond unavoidable response/collection cost)","in_force_date":"2025-04-06","standard_required":"A product may only be described as free/gratis if the consumer pays no more than the unavoidable cost of responding and collecting/paying for delivery.","common_failure":"Charging for a 'free' item via inflated bundle price or mandatory fees.","enforced":true,"source_type":"statute/regulator guidance","notes":"Carried over from old CPUTR banned-practices list into the DMCCA."}},{"id":"recyclable-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Green Guides, 16 CFR 260.12","status":"in-force","summary":"recyclable: Unqualified recyclable claim only if the entire product/package (excluding minor incidental components) is recyclable AND facilities are available to a 'substantial majority' (defined as at least 60%) of consumers/communities where sold; otherwise qualify.","source_url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-260/section-260.12","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"recyclable","example_phrasing":"100% recyclable packaging","instrument":"FTC Green Guides, 16 CFR 260.12","in_force_date":"2012-10-11","standard_required":"Unqualified recyclable claim only if the entire product/package (excluding minor incidental components) is recyclable AND facilities are available to a 'substantial majority' (defined as at least 60%) of consumers/communities where sold; otherwise qualify.","common_failure":"Unqualified 'recyclable' where facilities reach <60% of consumers; claiming recyclability of non-accepted substrates.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator guide","notes":"Green Guides are interpretive, enforced via FTC Act s.5. A revision has been pending since 2022."}},{"id":"recyclable-recycled-content-australia","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"Australia","instrument":"Australian Consumer Law ss.18, 29, 33","status":"in-force","summary":"recyclable / recycled content: Recycled-content and origin claims must be accurate and not create a misleading overall impression; prominent claims cannot be cured by fine print.","source_url":"https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/clorox-ordered-to-pay-825m-in-penalties-for-misleading-ocean-plastic-claims-about-certain-glad-products","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"recyclable / recycled content","example_phrasing":"Made from 50% ocean plastic","instrument":"Australian Consumer Law ss.18, 29, 33","in_force_date":"2011-01-01","standard_required":"Recycled-content and origin claims must be accurate and not create a misleading overall impression; prominent claims cannot be cured by fine print.","common_failure":"Overstating recycled content or misrepresenting the source of recycled material.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"ACCC v Clorox Australia — Federal Court, penalty ordered 2025","penalty":8250000,"currency":"AUD","source_type":"regulator press release/court decision","notes":"ACCC's first civil-penalty greenwashing case; plastic collected up to 50km inland."}},{"id":"biodegradable-degradable-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Green Guides, 16 CFR 260.8","status":"in-force","summary":"biodegradable / degradable: Unqualified degradable claims require competent and reliable scientific evidence the entire item will completely break down and return to nature within a reasonably short period after customary disposal (FTC treats ~1 year for items landfilled/trashed).","source_url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/16/part-260","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"biodegradable / degradable","example_phrasing":"Fully biodegradable","instrument":"FTC Green Guides, 16 CFR 260.8","in_force_date":"2012-10-11","standard_required":"Unqualified degradable claims require competent and reliable scientific evidence the entire item will completely break down and return to nature within a reasonably short period after customary disposal (FTC treats ~1 year for items landfilled/trashed).","common_failure":"'Biodegradable' on items sent to landfills where they will not decompose for decades.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator guide"}},{"id":"carbon-neutral-climate-neutral-eu","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"EU","instrument":"Directive (EU) 2024/825 (Empowering Consumers), amending Annex I of Directive 2005/29/EC","status":"enacted-not-yet-in-force","summary":"carbon neutral / climate neutral: Blacklisted (banned in all circumstances): claiming, based on offsetting of GHG emissions, that a product has neutral/reduced/positive environmental impact re GHG emissions. Named examples: 'climate neutral', 'CO2 neutral certified', 'carbon positive', 'climate net zero', 'climate compensated', 'reduced climate impact', 'limited CO2 footprint.'","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202400825","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"carbon neutral / climate neutral","example_phrasing":"This product is carbon neutral","instrument":"Directive (EU) 2024/825 (Empowering Consumers), amending Annex I of Directive 2005/29/EC","in_force_date":"2026-09-27","standard_required":"Blacklisted (banned in all circumstances): claiming, based on offsetting of GHG emissions, that a product has neutral/reduced/positive environmental impact re GHG emissions. Named examples: 'climate neutral', 'CO2 neutral certified', 'carbon positive', 'climate net zero', 'climate compensated', 'reduced climate impact', 'limited CO2 footprint.'","common_failure":"Labelling a product carbon/climate neutral on the basis of offsets outside the value chain.","enforced":false,"source_type":"directive","notes":"Applies from 27 Sep 2026, no transition period. Penalties set by national transposition."}},{"id":"carbon-neutral-offsetting-uk","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"UK","instrument":"CAP Code r.11.1 (environmental claims); r.3.7","status":"in-force","summary":"carbon neutral / offsetting: The basis of environmental claims must be clear; absolute claims require a high level of substantiation. Offsetting-based neutrality claims must not imply an absolute reduction and must explain the offsetting basis.","source_url":"https://www.asa.org.uk/advice-online/environmental-claims-carbon-offsetting-and-carbon-neutral.html","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"carbon neutral / offsetting","example_phrasing":"Fly carbon neutral with our green fares","instrument":"CAP Code r.11.1 (environmental claims); r.3.7","in_force_date":"2010-09-01","standard_required":"The basis of environmental claims must be clear; absolute claims require a high level of substantiation. Offsetting-based neutrality claims must not imply an absolute reduction and must explain the offsetting basis.","common_failure":"Implying a flight/product is low-impact when neutrality relies on offsets; no explanation.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"ASA, Etihad Airways ('sustainable aviation'), 12 Apr 2023 — upheld","source_type":"regulator ruling/guidance","notes":"ASA found no viable tech currently substantiates absolute green claims in aviation."}},{"id":"environmental-benefit-business-esg-canada","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"Canada","instrument":"Competition Act s.74.01(1)(b.2)","status":"in-force","summary":"environmental benefit (business/ESG): Claims about the environmental benefits of a business or business activity must be 'based on adequate and proper substantiation in accordance with an internationally recognized methodology'; burden on the business.","source_url":"https://competition-bureau.canada.ca/en/how-we-foster-competition/education-and-outreach/publications/environmental-claims-and-competition-act","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"environmental benefit (business/ESG)","example_phrasing":"We are a net-zero company by 2030","instrument":"Competition Act s.74.01(1)(b.2)","in_force_date":"2024-06-20","standard_required":"Claims about the environmental benefits of a business or business activity must be 'based on adequate and proper substantiation in accordance with an internationally recognized methodology'; burden on the business.","common_failure":"Forward-looking net-zero pledges that are 'little more than wishful thinking' with no verifiable methodology.","enforced":true,"source_type":"statute/regulator guidance","notes":"Private right of action before Competition Tribunal (with leave) since 20 June 2025."}},{"id":"environmental-benefit-product-canada","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"Canada","instrument":"Competition Act s.74.01(1)(b.1)","status":"in-force","summary":"environmental benefit (product): Claims about a product's environmental/climate benefits must be 'based on an adequate and proper test'; burden shifts to the advertiser.","source_url":"https://competition-bureau.canada.ca/en/how-we-foster-competition/education-and-outreach/publications/environmental-claims-and-competition-act","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"environmental benefit (product)","example_phrasing":"Eco-friendly cleaning formula","instrument":"Competition Act s.74.01(1)(b.1)","in_force_date":"2024-06-20","standard_required":"Claims about a product's environmental/climate benefits must be 'based on an adequate and proper test'; burden shifts to the advertiser.","common_failure":"Vague 'eco'/'green' product claims with no underlying testing.","enforced":true,"source_type":"statute/regulator guidance","notes":"Part of Bill C-59 greenwashing amendments."}},{"id":"generic-environmental-claim-eco-green-eu","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"EU","instrument":"Directive (EU) 2024/825 amending Directive 2005/29/EC","status":"enacted-not-yet-in-force","summary":"generic environmental claim ('eco','green'): Generic environmental claims prohibited unless recognised excellent environmental performance relevant to the claim is demonstrated (e.g. EU Ecolabel). Sustainability labels must be based on certification schemes or set by public authorities.","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202400825","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"generic environmental claim ('eco','green')","example_phrasing":"Environmentally friendly / eco-friendly","instrument":"Directive (EU) 2024/825 amending Directive 2005/29/EC","in_force_date":"2026-09-27","standard_required":"Generic environmental claims prohibited unless recognised excellent environmental performance relevant to the claim is demonstrated (e.g. EU Ecolabel). Sustainability labels must be based on certification schemes or set by public authorities.","common_failure":"Unqualified 'eco'/'green' claims without demonstrable excellent performance.","enforced":false,"source_type":"directive","notes":"Registered trade marks/product names (e.g. 'EcoShoe') are not exempt."}},{"id":"general-environmental-benefit-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Green Guides, 16 CFR 260.4","status":"in-force","summary":"general environmental benefit: Unqualified general environmental benefit claims are difficult to substantiate and likely deceptive; marketers should qualify to a specific benefit and substantiate all reasonable interpretations with competent and reliable evidence.","source_url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/16/part-260","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"general environmental benefit","example_phrasing":"Green / environmentally responsible","instrument":"FTC Green Guides, 16 CFR 260.4","in_force_date":"2012-10-11","standard_required":"Unqualified general environmental benefit claims are difficult to substantiate and likely deceptive; marketers should qualify to a specific benefit and substantiate all reasonable interpretations with competent and reliable evidence.","common_failure":"Broad 'eco/green' claims implying wide-ranging benefits.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator guide"}},{"id":"environmental-claim-general-eu","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"EU","instrument":"Directive 2005/29/EC (UCPD) arts.6-7 & 12; Commission Notice 2021/C 526/01 (UCPD guidance)","status":"in-force","summary":"environmental claim (general): Environmental claims must be truthful, accurate, clear and not misleading; under UCPD art.12 national authorities can require the trader to furnish evidence of the accuracy of factual claims and deem claims inaccurate if evidence is insufficient.","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52021XC1229(05)","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"environmental claim (general)","example_phrasing":"Better for the planet","instrument":"Directive 2005/29/EC (UCPD) arts.6-7 & 12; Commission Notice 2021/C 526/01 (UCPD guidance)","in_force_date":"2005-06-12","standard_required":"Environmental claims must be truthful, accurate, clear and not misleading; under UCPD art.12 national authorities can require the trader to furnish evidence of the accuracy of factual claims and deem claims inaccurate if evidence is insufficient.","common_failure":"Vague or unverifiable green claims that mislead the average consumer.","enforced":true,"source_type":"directive/Commission guidance","notes":"Standalone Green Claims Directive proposal is separate and its status is unsettled; EmpCo (2024/825) is the binding measure."}},{"id":"was-now-price-former-price-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Guides Against Deceptive Pricing, 16 CFR 233.1","status":"in-force","summary":"was/now price (former price): A former-price comparison is legitimate only if the former price 'is the actual, bona fide price at which the article was offered to the public on a regular basis for a reasonably substantial period of time.' A fictitious/inflated former price is deceptive.","source_url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-233/section-233.1","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"was/now price (former price)","example_phrasing":"Was £99.99, now £49.99","instrument":"FTC Guides Against Deceptive Pricing, 16 CFR 233.1","in_force_date":"1967-11-08","standard_required":"A former-price comparison is legitimate only if the former price 'is the actual, bona fide price at which the article was offered to the public on a regular basis for a reasonably substantial period of time.' A fictitious/inflated former price is deceptive.","common_failure":"Setting a brief inflated 'regular' price to manufacture a discount; perpetual 'sale' pricing.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator guide","notes":"Also covers RRP/list-price (233.3) and comparable-value (233.2) claims."}},{"id":"was-now-price-reference-pricing-uk","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"UK","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.17-3.18 (prices), r.3.7; DMCCA 2024 unfair commercial practices","status":"in-force","summary":"was/now price (reference pricing): Price claims must be accurate and genuinely available; savings/reference-price claims must reflect a genuine former/usual selling price; advertisers must hold evidence.","source_url":"https://www.asa.org.uk/advice-online/misleading-advertising.html","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"was/now price (reference pricing)","example_phrasing":"RRP £120, our price £60","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.17-3.18 (prices), r.3.7; DMCCA 2024 unfair commercial practices","in_force_date":"2025-04-06","standard_required":"Price claims must be accurate and genuinely available; savings/reference-price claims must reflect a genuine former/usual selling price; advertisers must hold evidence.","common_failure":"Advertising a 'was' price at which few/no sales occurred; discounts unavailable at the stated price.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"ASA, We Love Holidays, 2025 — upheld (r.3.1, 3.7, 3.17)","source_type":"regulator ruling/guidance"}},{"id":"up-to-x-off-up-to-x-savings-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Act s.5; FTC 'up to' guidance (2012 Bristol Windows study) and related consent orders","status":"in-force","summary":"up to X% off / up to X savings: Advertisers must substantiate consumers are likely to achieve the maximum result under normal circumstances. 2012 window consent orders required 'all or almost all consumers are likely to receive the maximum represented savings' (stricter than the older 'appreciable number' / NAD 10%-of-inventory standard).","source_url":"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2024/07/ftc-takes-action-against-gig-work-company-arise-virtual-solutions-deceiving-consumers-about-pay","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"up to X% off / up to X savings","example_phrasing":"Save up to 47% on your energy bills","instrument":"FTC Act s.5; FTC 'up to' guidance (2012 Bristol Windows study) and related consent orders","in_force_date":"2012-06-01","standard_required":"Advertisers must substantiate consumers are likely to achieve the maximum result under normal circumstances. 2012 window consent orders required 'all or almost all consumers are likely to receive the maximum represented savings' (stricter than the older 'appreciable number' / NAD 10%-of-inventory standard).","common_failure":"Headline maximum achieved only by a small fraction of consumers.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"FTC v. Arise Virtual Solutions, July 2024 settlement — $7m refunded to consumers; ads falsely promised 'up to' $18/hour when the FTC's filing showed 99.9% of consumers (2019-2022) earned less than $18/hour","penalty":7000000,"currency":"USD","source_type":"regulator enforcement","notes":"Standard has shifted over time; 'appreciable number' vs 'all or almost all' is contested. Arise is the highest-profile recent 'up to' monetary judgment."}},{"id":"up-to-x-off-uk","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"UK","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.7, r.3.9 (qualification), r.3.17","status":"in-force","summary":"up to X% off: Advertisers must hold evidence that the maximum reduction is available on an adequate/representative proportion of the range; significant limitations stated clearly.","source_url":"https://www.asa.org.uk/advice-online/substantiation.html","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"up to X% off","example_phrasing":"Up to 70% off everything","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.7, r.3.9 (qualification), r.3.17","in_force_date":"2010-09-01","standard_required":"Advertisers must hold evidence that the maximum reduction is available on an adequate/representative proportion of the range; significant limitations stated clearly.","common_failure":"'Up to X% off' where only a token number of lines carry the maximum discount.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator guidance"}},{"id":"drip-pricing-hidden-mandatory-fees-uk","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"UK","instrument":"DMCCA 2024, unfair commercial practices (Part 4 Ch.1); CMA Price Transparency Guidance (CMA209)","status":"in-force","summary":"drip pricing / hidden mandatory fees: Total price including all mandatory/unavoidable fees must be shown upfront in any invitation to purchase; 'genuinely unexpected and untrailed mandatory charges revealed at the end of the purchasing journey' are prohibited.","source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cma-orders-the-aa-and-bsm-driving-schools-to-refund-learner-drivers-over-drip-pricing","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"drip pricing / hidden mandatory fees","example_phrasing":"Tickets from £20 (booking fee added at checkout)","instrument":"DMCCA 2024, unfair commercial practices (Part 4 Ch.1); CMA Price Transparency Guidance (CMA209)","in_force_date":"2025-04-06","standard_required":"Total price including all mandatory/unavoidable fees must be shown upfront in any invitation to purchase; 'genuinely unexpected and untrailed mandatory charges revealed at the end of the purchasing journey' are prohibited.","common_failure":"Adding compulsory booking/service fees only at checkout ('dripping').","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"CMA v The AA (Automobile Association Developments Ltd), Apr 2026 — £4.2m fine plus refunds of over £760,000 to 80,000+ customers, for a mandatory £3 booking fee added at checkout on AA/BSM driving schools; the CMA's first-ever financial penalty under its new DMCCA powers (reduced from £7m via 40% early-settlement discount)","penalty":4200000,"currency":"GBP","source_type":"statute/regulator enforcement","notes":"CMA can fine up to 10% of global turnover under the DMCCA. Investigations into 8 firms opened 18 Nov 2025."}},{"id":"hidden-fees-ticketing-lodging-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Rule on Unfair or Deceptive Fees (Junk Fees Rule), 16 CFR Part 464","status":"in-force","summary":"hidden fees (ticketing/lodging): For live-event tickets and short-term lodging, businesses must disclose the total price including all mandatory fees whenever a price is first shown, displayed at least as prominently as other pricing; nature/purpose/amount of excluded charges disclosed before payment.","source_url":"https://legalclarity.org/ftc-deceptive-pricing-regulations-and-enforcement/","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"hidden fees (ticketing/lodging)","example_phrasing":"$99/night (resort fee added later)","instrument":"FTC Rule on Unfair or Deceptive Fees (Junk Fees Rule), 16 CFR Part 464","in_force_date":"2025-05-12","standard_required":"For live-event tickets and short-term lodging, businesses must disclose the total price including all mandatory fees whenever a price is first shown, displayed at least as prominently as other pricing; nature/purpose/amount of excluded charges disclosed before payment.","common_failure":"Low base price with mandatory 'resort'/'service' fees added later.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator rule","notes":"Limited to ticketing and lodging; other sectors under FTC Act s.5. Secondary URL; verify against ftc.gov primary rule text."}},{"id":"verified-review-genuine-review-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Rule on Consumer Reviews and Testimonials, 16 CFR Part 465 (465.2, 465.6, 465.7)","status":"in-force","summary":"verified review / genuine review: Prohibits creating/selling/buying/disseminating reviews that misrepresent the reviewer exists or had genuine experience (incl. AI-generated fakes), company-controlled 'independent' review sites, and improper review suppression. Liability where business knew or should have known reviews were fake.","source_url":"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2024/08/federal-trade-commission-announces-final-rule-banning-fake-reviews-testimonials","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"verified review / genuine review","example_phrasing":"Verified 5-star customer reviews","instrument":"FTC Rule on Consumer Reviews and Testimonials, 16 CFR Part 465 (465.2, 465.6, 465.7)","in_force_date":"2024-10-21","standard_required":"Prohibits creating/selling/buying/disseminating reviews that misrepresent the reviewer exists or had genuine experience (incl. AI-generated fakes), company-controlled 'independent' review sites, and improper review suppression. Liability where business knew or should have known reviews were fake.","common_failure":"Displaying AI-generated or fabricated reviews; suppressing negatives; fake 'independent' review site.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"FTC sent warning letters to ~10 businesses on 22 Dec 2025 (no monetary penalty yet imposed under the Rule)","source_type":"regulator rule/enforcement","notes":"Civil penalties up to $53,088 per violation authorized; none assessed under the Rule as of July 2026."}},{"id":"incentivised-conditional-review-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"16 CFR 465.4","status":"in-force","summary":"incentivised / conditional review: Prohibits compensation/incentives conditioned on writing a review expressing a particular sentiment; conditional nature may be express or implied.","source_url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-465","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"incentivised / conditional review","example_phrasing":"Leave a 5-star review and get $10 off","instrument":"16 CFR 465.4","in_force_date":"2024-10-21","standard_required":"Prohibits compensation/incentives conditioned on writing a review expressing a particular sentiment; conditional nature may be express or implied.","common_failure":"Offering rewards specifically for positive reviews.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator rule","notes":"Generalised requests to post honest experiences are permitted."}},{"id":"fake-misleading-reviews-uk","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"UK","instrument":"DMCCA 2024, banned practices (fake/false reviews and concealed incentivised reviews)","status":"in-force","summary":"fake / misleading reviews: Banned to submit/commission fake reviews, publish reviews without reasonable/proportionate steps to check they are genuine, or publish incentivised reviews without disclosure.","source_url":"https://gowlingwlg.com/en/insights-resources/articles/2025/cma-intensifies-consumer-law-enforcement-under-dmcca-2024","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"fake / misleading reviews","example_phrasing":"Rated 4.9 by thousands of happy customers","instrument":"DMCCA 2024, banned practices (fake/false reviews and concealed incentivised reviews)","in_force_date":"2025-04-06","standard_required":"Banned to submit/commission fake reviews, publish reviews without reasonable/proportionate steps to check they are genuine, or publish incentivised reviews without disclosure.","common_failure":"Buying fake reviews; failing to police authenticity; undisclosed incentivised reviews.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"CMA fake-reviews compliance sweep and letters, 2025","source_type":"statute/regulator enforcement","notes":"CMA can fine up to 10% global turnover."}},{"id":"incentivised-testimonial-material-connection-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Endorsement Guides, 16 CFR Part 255 (255.5)","status":"in-force","summary":"incentivised testimonial (material connection): A material connection not reasonably expected by the audience 'must be disclosed clearly and conspicuously'; disclosure must be 'difficult to miss (i.e., easily noticeable) and easily understandable' and, in interactive media, 'unavoidable.' Endorsements must reflect honest opinions; endorser must be a bona fide user.","source_url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/16/255.5","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"incentivised testimonial (material connection)","example_phrasing":"#ad — I love this serum! (paid influencer)","instrument":"FTC Endorsement Guides, 16 CFR Part 255 (255.5)","in_force_date":"2023-07-26","standard_required":"A material connection not reasonably expected by the audience 'must be disclosed clearly and conspicuously'; disclosure must be 'difficult to miss (i.e., easily noticeable) and easily understandable' and, in interactive media, 'unavoidable.' Endorsements must reflect honest opinions; endorser must be a bona fide user.","common_failure":"Buried/ambiguous disclosures; disclosure below the 'more' fold; fake 'actual consumer' endorsements.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator guide","notes":"Both advertiser and endorser can be liable; 2023 revision codified 'clear and conspicuous.'"}},{"id":"results-not-typical-testimonial-results-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Endorsement Guides, 16 CFR Part 255 (255.2)","status":"in-force","summary":"results not typical / testimonial results: If an endorsement depicts results the audience would take as typical, the advertiser must have adequate substantiation the endorser's results are representative of what consumers generally achieve; a 'results not typical' disclaimer does NOT cure a misleading impression.","source_url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-255","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"results not typical / testimonial results","example_phrasing":"I lost 30 lbs in a month! (results not typical)","instrument":"FTC Endorsement Guides, 16 CFR Part 255 (255.2)","in_force_date":"2023-07-26","standard_required":"If an endorsement depicts results the audience would take as typical, the advertiser must have adequate substantiation the endorser's results are representative of what consumers generally achieve; a 'results not typical' disclaimer does NOT cure a misleading impression.","common_failure":"Atypical testimonial results with a fine-print 'results not typical' disclaimer.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator guide","notes":"Old safe-harbour for 'results not typical' disclaimers removed in 2009."}},{"id":"consumer-review-suppression-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"Consumer Review Fairness Act, 15 U.S.C. 45b; 16 CFR 465.7","status":"in-force","summary":"consumer review suppression: Form-contract terms that prohibit/penalise honest consumer reviews are void; businesses may not use unfounded legal threats, intimidation or false accusations to suppress reviews.","source_url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-465","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"consumer review suppression","example_phrasing":"Only our best reviews shown","instrument":"Consumer Review Fairness Act, 15 U.S.C. 45b; 16 CFR 465.7","in_force_date":"2017-03-14","standard_required":"Form-contract terms that prohibit/penalise honest consumer reviews are void; businesses may not use unfounded legal threats, intimidation or false accusations to suppress reviews.","common_failure":"Non-disparagement clauses in consumer contracts; threatening reviewers.","enforced":true,"source_type":"statute/regulator rule","notes":"CRFA (2016) plus Part 465 suppression provisions."}},{"id":"scarcity-urgency-false-countdown-uk","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"UK","instrument":"DMCCA 2024 banned practices (false 'limited time'/availability); CAP Code r.3.1","status":"in-force","summary":"scarcity / urgency (false countdown): Falsely stating a product is available only for a very limited time, or using misleading countdown timers/stock counters to elicit an immediate decision, is a banned practice.","source_url":"https://www.twobirds.com/en/insights/2025/uk/cma-launches-major-consumer-enforcement-drive-focused-on-online-pricing-practices","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"scarcity / urgency (false countdown)","example_phrasing":"Only 2 left! Offer ends in 10:00","instrument":"DMCCA 2024 banned practices (false 'limited time'/availability); CAP Code r.3.1","in_force_date":"2025-04-06","standard_required":"Falsely stating a product is available only for a very limited time, or using misleading countdown timers/stock counters to elicit an immediate decision, is a banned practice.","common_failure":"Fake countdown timers that reset; false 'low stock' warnings.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"CMA cross-economy review flagged misleading countdown timers as banned practices, 2025","source_type":"statute/regulator enforcement"}},{"id":"scarcity-urgency-eu","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"EU","instrument":"Directive 2005/29/EC (UCPD) Annex I, point 7","status":"in-force","summary":"scarcity / urgency: Falsely stating a product will only be available for a very limited time, or on particular terms for a very limited time, to elicit an immediate decision is a per-se banned (blacklisted) practice.","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52021XC1229(05)","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"scarcity / urgency","example_phrasing":"Limited time only — today only!","instrument":"Directive 2005/29/EC (UCPD) Annex I, point 7","in_force_date":"2005-06-12","standard_required":"Falsely stating a product will only be available for a very limited time, or on particular terms for a very limited time, to elicit an immediate decision is a per-se banned (blacklisted) practice.","common_failure":"Perpetual 'today only' offers; fake deadlines.","enforced":false,"source_type":"directive","notes":"Blacklisted practices need no case-by-case proof of detriment. Enforcement at Member-State level."}},{"id":"ai-powered-ai-driven-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Act s.5; FTC 'Operation AI Comply' (2024); 'Keep your AI claims in check' guidance","status":"in-force","summary":"AI-powered / AI-driven: AI capability claims are objective claims requiring a reasonable basis; a company must substantiate what its AI actually does and must not overstate performance ('AI washing').","source_url":"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2025/02/ftc-finalizes-order-donotpay-prohibits-deceptive-ai-lawyer-claims-imposes-monetary-relief-requires","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"AI-powered / AI-driven","example_phrasing":"Our AI lawyer files your case automatically","instrument":"FTC Act s.5; FTC 'Operation AI Comply' (2024); 'Keep your AI claims in check' guidance","in_force_date":"2024-09-25","standard_required":"AI capability claims are objective claims requiring a reasonable basis; a company must substantiate what its AI actually does and must not overstate performance ('AI washing').","common_failure":"Marketing a chatbot as equivalent to a professional; unverified 'proven AI' detection claims.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"FTC v. DoNotPay ('AI lawyer'); FTC finalized order Jan/Feb 2025 requires $193,000 in monetary relief and notice to consumers who subscribed 2021-2023","penalty":193000,"currency":"USD","source_type":"regulator enforcement","notes":"Part of Operation AI Comply; also Evolv (weapons-detection AI) and Rytr (AI review generator) actions."}},{"id":"ai-used-to-create-fake-reviews-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Act s.5; 16 CFR Part 465 (fake reviews)","status":"in-force","summary":"AI used to create fake reviews: Providing a tool whose foreseeable use is to generate false consumer reviews is an unfair/deceptive practice; AI-generated reviews by non-existent reviewers are prohibited.","source_url":"https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2024/09/operation-ai-comply-continuing-crackdown-overpromises-ai-related-lies","source_status":"blocked","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"AI used to create fake reviews","example_phrasing":"Generate hundreds of customer reviews with AI","instrument":"FTC Act s.5; 16 CFR Part 465 (fake reviews)","in_force_date":"2024-10-21","standard_required":"Providing a tool whose foreseeable use is to generate false consumer reviews is an unfair/deceptive practice; AI-generated reviews by non-existent reviewers are prohibited.","common_failure":"Selling/using AI to mass-produce reviews unrelated to genuine experience.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"FTC, Rytr LLC, 2024 (Operation AI Comply) — settlement barring the review-generation feature","source_type":"regulator enforcement"}},{"id":"ai-powered-marketing-term-uk","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"UK","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.1, r.3.7, r.3.11-3.12; ASA guidance on 'AI' as a marketing term","status":"in-force","summary":"AI-powered (marketing term): 'AI' capability/performance claims are objective and require documentary evidence; advertisers must not exaggerate capability and cannot offload responsibility to third-party tech providers.","source_url":"https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=4789ccc5-15e0-4ae7-8480-549bc43f1dc4","source_status":"blocked","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"AI-powered (marketing term)","example_phrasing":"Powered by advanced AI","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.1, r.3.7, r.3.11-3.12; ASA guidance on 'AI' as a marketing term","in_force_date":"2010-09-01","standard_required":"'AI' capability/performance claims are objective and require documentary evidence; advertisers must not exaggerate capability and cannot offload responsibility to third-party tech providers.","common_failure":"Labelling rules-based automation as 'AI'; overstating AI performance.","enforced":false,"source_type":"regulator guidance","notes":"Guidance-stage; no headline ASA AI ruling identified in this research."}},{"id":"made-in-country-made-in-usa-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Made in USA Labeling Rule, 16 CFR Part 323 (323.2)","status":"in-force","summary":"made in [country] (Made in USA): Unqualified US-origin label requires (1) final assembly/processing in the US, (2) all significant processing in the US, and (3) all or virtually all ingredients/components made and sourced in the US. Marketers must hold competent and reliable evidence before claiming.","source_url":"https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/williams-sonoma-inc","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"made in [country] (Made in USA)","example_phrasing":"Made in USA","instrument":"FTC Made in USA Labeling Rule, 16 CFR Part 323 (323.2)","in_force_date":"2021-08-13","standard_required":"Unqualified US-origin label requires (1) final assembly/processing in the US, (2) all significant processing in the US, and (3) all or virtually all ingredients/components made and sourced in the US. Marketers must hold competent and reliable evidence before claiming.","common_failure":"US assembly of substantially imported components; flag/map imagery implying US origin.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"FTC v. Williams-Sonoma, Apr 2024 — record $3.175m civil penalty for violating a 2020 FTC order (products listed as 'Made in USA' were made in China and other countries); FTC v. Kubota North America, Jan 2024 — $2m, then the largest penalty assessed under the Made in USA Labeling Rule, for falsely labelling replacement parts","penalty":3175000,"currency":"USD","source_type":"regulator enforcement","notes":"Civil penalty max $53,088 per violation (2025); each mislabeled unit/page can be a separate violation. Kubota primary: ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2024/01/ftc-action-leads-2-million-penalty-against-kubota-false-made-usa-claims"}},{"id":"country-of-origin-handmade-in-country-uk","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"UK","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.1, r.3.7","status":"in-force","summary":"country of origin ('handmade in [country]'): Origin/production-method claims are objective and must be substantiated and accurate for the products to which they are applied.","source_url":"https://www.asa.org.uk/advice-online/misleading-advertising.html","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"country of origin ('handmade in [country]')","example_phrasing":"Each item handmade in Italy","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.1, r.3.7","in_force_date":"2010-09-01","standard_required":"Origin/production-method claims are objective and must be substantiated and accurate for the products to which they are applied.","common_failure":"Blanket 'handmade in [country]' claim across a range where only some items qualify.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"ASA, Sterling Wholesale Ltd t/a Moncrief, 18 Sep 2024 — upheld","source_type":"regulator ruling/guidance"}},{"id":"country-of-origin-product-of-australia-australia","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"Australia","instrument":"Australian Consumer Law ss.254-255 (country of origin safe harbours); ss.18,29","status":"in-force","summary":"country of origin ('Product of Australia'): 'Product of' requires each significant ingredient/component originate in the country and all/virtually all production processes occur there; 'Made in' requires substantial transformation in the country. Safe-harbour defences apply if criteria met.","source_url":"https://www.accc.gov.au/about-us/accc-role-and-structure/legislation-we-enforce","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"country of origin ('Product of Australia')","example_phrasing":"Product of Australia","instrument":"Australian Consumer Law ss.254-255 (country of origin safe harbours); ss.18,29","in_force_date":"2011-01-01","standard_required":"'Product of' requires each significant ingredient/component originate in the country and all/virtually all production processes occur there; 'Made in' requires substantial transformation in the country. Safe-harbour defences apply if criteria met.","common_failure":"'Product of' claims where key ingredients are imported.","enforced":true,"source_type":"statute"}},{"id":"guarantee-risk-free-money-back-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Act s.5; FTC Guides Against Deceptive Advertising of Guarantees, 16 CFR Part 239","status":"in-force","summary":"guarantee / 'risk free' / money-back: Guarantee claims must disclose material terms/conditions clearly and conspicuously, and the advertiser must honor the guarantee; 'risk free' implies a full refund of all monies paid.","source_url":"https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2024/09/operation-ai-comply-continuing-crackdown-overpromises-ai-related-lies","source_status":"blocked","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"guarantee / 'risk free' / money-back","example_phrasing":"100% risk-free — money-back guarantee","instrument":"FTC Act s.5; FTC Guides Against Deceptive Advertising of Guarantees, 16 CFR Part 239","in_force_date":"1998-01-01","standard_required":"Guarantee claims must disclose material terms/conditions clearly and conspicuously, and the advertiser must honor the guarantee; 'risk free' implies a full refund of all monies paid.","common_failure":"'Risk free' offers where fees are non-refundable or refunds are refused.","enforced":true,"enforcement_example":"FTC v. Ascend Ecom (2024, Operation AI Comply) — alleged failure to honor 'risk free' guarantees","source_type":"regulator guide/enforcement"}},{"id":"cancel-anytime-negative-option-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"Restore Online Shoppers' Confidence Act (ROSCA), 15 U.S.C. 8403; FTC Act s.5","status":"in-force","summary":"cancel anytime / negative option: For negative-option/auto-renewal offers, sellers must clearly and conspicuously disclose all material terms before obtaining billing information, obtain express informed consent, and provide a simple cancellation mechanism. FTC interprets ROSCA to require cancellation 'at least as easy to use as' sign-up.","source_url":"https://www.wilmerhale.com/en/insights/client-alerts/20250801-eighth-circuit-vacates-the-ftcs-click-to-cancel-rule-but-federal-and-state-regulators-likely-to-remain-active","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"cancel anytime / negative option","example_phrasing":"Cancel anytime — no strings attached","instrument":"Restore Online Shoppers' Confidence Act (ROSCA), 15 U.S.C. 8403; FTC Act s.5","in_force_date":"2010-12-29","standard_required":"For negative-option/auto-renewal offers, sellers must clearly and conspicuously disclose all material terms before obtaining billing information, obtain express informed consent, and provide a simple cancellation mechanism. FTC interprets ROSCA to require cancellation 'at least as easy to use as' sign-up.","common_failure":"'Cancel anytime' while making cancellation difficult; unclear renewal/price terms.","enforced":true,"source_type":"statute/regulator interpretation","notes":"FTC 'Click-to-Cancel' amendments to the Negative Option Rule (16 CFR Part 425) were VACATED by the 8th Circuit on 8 July 2025; ROSCA and Section 5 still apply."}},{"id":"cancel-anytime-subscription-auto-renewal-uk","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"UK","instrument":"DMCCA 2024 subscription-contract provisions (Part 4 Ch.2)","status":"enacted-not-yet-in-force","summary":"cancel anytime / subscription auto-renewal: New subscription rules will require clear pre-contract information, reminder notices before renewal, cooling-off rights and easy cancellation.","source_url":"https://www.shma.co.uk/our-thoughts/cma-issues-pricing-fine-dmcca-businesses/","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"cancel anytime / subscription auto-renewal","example_phrasing":"Free trial — cancel before you're charged","instrument":"DMCCA 2024 subscription-contract provisions (Part 4 Ch.2)","in_force_date":"2027-04-01","standard_required":"New subscription rules will require clear pre-contract information, reminder notices before renewal, cooling-off rights and easy cancellation.","common_failure":"Auto-renewing after a free trial without adequate reminders or easy exit.","enforced":false,"source_type":"statute","notes":"Subscription provisions expected spring 2027; not yet in force. Date approximate."}},{"id":"objective-product-claim-general-substantiation-u","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"UK","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.7 (substantiation)","status":"in-force","summary":"objective product claim (general substantiation): 'Before distributing or submitting a marketing communication for publication, marketers must hold documentary evidence to prove claims that consumers are likely to regard as objective and that are capable of objective substantiation.'","source_url":"https://www.asa.org.uk/static/2a4eebb9-63f2-49a8-920925d6453f0fc4/4518f4fe-51ee-49d3-9220022b8af872dc/The-CAP-Code-Misleading-advertising.pdf","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"objective product claim (general substantiation)","example_phrasing":"Kills 99.9% of germs","instrument":"CAP Code r.3.7 (substantiation)","in_force_date":"2010-09-01","standard_required":"'Before distributing or submitting a marketing communication for publication, marketers must hold documentary evidence to prove claims that consumers are likely to regard as objective and that are capable of objective substantiation.'","common_failure":"Making objective claims without holding evidence in advance.","enforced":true,"source_type":"code/regulator","notes":"Cornerstone UK substantiation rule."}},{"id":"objective-claim-substantiation-notice-power-aust","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"Australia","instrument":"Australian Consumer Law s.219 (substantiation notices); ss.18,29,33","status":"in-force","summary":"objective claim (substantiation notice power): The ACCC can issue a substantiation notice requiring a person to give information/documents that could substantiate a claim, within 21 days; failure attracts an infringement/penalty; no prior belief of a breach required.","source_url":"https://www.accc.gov.au/about-us/accc-role-and-structure/legislation-we-enforce","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"objective claim (substantiation notice power)","example_phrasing":"Clinically tested to work in 7 days","instrument":"Australian Consumer Law s.219 (substantiation notices); ss.18,29,33","in_force_date":"2011-01-01","standard_required":"The ACCC can issue a substantiation notice requiring a person to give information/documents that could substantiate a claim, within 21 days; failure attracts an infringement/penalty; no prior belief of a breach required.","common_failure":"Making objective claims a business cannot document on request.","enforced":true,"source_type":"statute","notes":"Substantiation-notice non-compliance penalty for a corporation was A$6,660 at earlier penalty-unit values (higher after 7 Nov 2024 increase to $330/unit)."}},{"id":"comparative-price-cheaper-than-competitors-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Guides Against Deceptive Pricing, 16 CFR 233.2","status":"in-force","summary":"comparative price ('cheaper than competitors'): Retail/comparable-value comparisons to competitor prices must be based on prices actually charged for identical/comparable goods in the same trade area; comparisons must be truthful and substantiated.","source_url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-233","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"comparative price ('cheaper than competitors')","example_phrasing":"Always cheaper than [Competitor]","instrument":"FTC Guides Against Deceptive Pricing, 16 CFR 233.2","in_force_date":"1967-11-08","standard_required":"Retail/comparable-value comparisons to competitor prices must be based on prices actually charged for identical/comparable goods in the same trade area; comparisons must be truthful and substantiated.","common_failure":"Comparing to inflated or non-existent competitor prices.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator guide"}},{"id":"certification-seal-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Green Guides, 16 CFR 260.6","status":"in-force","summary":"certification / seal: Certifications/seals are endorsements; material connections to the certifier must be disclosed, the certification based on competent and reliable evidence, and unqualified 'green' seals implying general benefit are deceptive.","source_url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/16/part-260","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"certification / seal","example_phrasing":"Certified sustainable","instrument":"FTC Green Guides, 16 CFR 260.6","in_force_date":"2012-10-11","standard_required":"Certifications/seals are endorsements; material connections to the certifier must be disclosed, the certification based on competent and reliable evidence, and unqualified 'green' seals implying general benefit are deceptive.","common_failure":"Self-created or unqualified seals implying broad environmental benefit.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator guide","notes":"Cross-references Endorsement Guides (Part 255)."}},{"id":"compostable-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Green Guides, 16 CFR 260.7","status":"in-force","summary":"compostable: Unqualified compostable claims require competent and reliable scientific evidence all materials break down into usable compost safely in a timely manner in a home compost pile; qualify if industrial facilities are required and not available to a substantial majority.","source_url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/16/part-260","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"compostable","example_phrasing":"100% compostable","instrument":"FTC Green Guides, 16 CFR 260.7","in_force_date":"2012-10-11","standard_required":"Unqualified compostable claims require competent and reliable scientific evidence all materials break down into usable compost safely in a timely manner in a home compost pile; qualify if industrial facilities are required and not available to a substantial majority.","common_failure":"'Compostable' where only industrial composting works and facilities are scarce.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator guide"}},{"id":"non-toxic-free-of-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Green Guides, 16 CFR 260.9-260.10","status":"in-force","summary":"non-toxic / free-of: 'Non-toxic' requires competent and reliable scientific evidence the product is non-toxic to humans and the environment generally; 'free-of' claims are deceptive if the substance was never used in that category or a trace remains.","source_url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/16/part-260","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"non-toxic / free-of","example_phrasing":"Non-toxic, chemical-free","instrument":"FTC Green Guides, 16 CFR 260.9-260.10","in_force_date":"2012-10-11","standard_required":"'Non-toxic' requires competent and reliable scientific evidence the product is non-toxic to humans and the environment generally; 'free-of' claims are deceptive if the substance was never used in that category or a trace remains.","common_failure":"'Chemical-free' (scientifically impossible) or 'free-of' a substance never present in the category.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator guide"}},{"id":"supplement-structure-function-claim-us","dataset":"claims","jurisdiction":"US","instrument":"FTC Health Products Compliance Guidance; FTC Act s.5","status":"in-force","summary":"supplement structure/function claim: Structure/function claims still require competent and reliable scientific evidence; FTC generally expects human RCT evidence for health-benefit claims and considers the entire body of relevant evidence.","source_url":"https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/ftc-policy-statement-regarding-advertising-substantiation","source_status":"verified","not_live_law":false,"detail":{"claim_type":"supplement structure/function claim","example_phrasing":"Supports a healthy immune system","instrument":"FTC Health Products Compliance Guidance; FTC Act s.5","in_force_date":"2022-12-20","standard_required":"Structure/function claims still require competent and reliable scientific evidence; FTC generally expects human RCT evidence for health-benefit claims and considers the entire body of relevant evidence.","common_failure":"Relying on a single weak study or ingredient-level evidence not tied to the finished product/dose.","enforced":true,"source_type":"regulator guidance","notes":"FDA also regulates supplement claims separately (DSHEA)."}}],"total":50,"coverage":{"corpus_total":51,"matched":50,"jurisdictions_in_corpus":["Australia","Canada","EU","UK","US"],"by_status":{"in-force":47,"enacted-not-yet-in-force":3},"source_health":{"verified":47,"blocked":3},"dead_rules_included":0},"as_of":"2026-07-28","interpretation":"Reference data, not legal advice. Every row cites a primary source — legislative text, a regulator document, or a court opinion — and records whether that URL resolved when the corpus was built; \"blocked\" means the host refuses automated checkers, not that the citation is bad. Rows marked not_live_law were vacated, superseded, or never took effect, and are included deliberately: a rule wrongly believed to be in force is the most expensive error in this area. Verify against the cited source before relying on any row."},"_meta":{"request_id":"req_765d44ea0a904dfeb474dc5c179260ea","product":"legal/claims","version":"1.0.0","receipt_id":null,"cost":{"quoted":0,"charged":0,"currency":"USD","display":"0.000000"},"cache":{"hit":true,"age_s":23988},"provenance":{"sourcing_class":"B","upstream":["internal:legal-corpus@2026-07"],"fetched_at":"2026-10-13T11:52:59.396Z","license":"proprietary"},"freshness":{"as_of":"2026-07-28","staleness_s":23988},"confidence":1}}